Longitude by Lunars
"Lunar Distances" or lunars for short were used to determine longitude at sea in the period from about 1767 until 1850 (and rarely after that date). This was a time when chronometers were not yet widely available at a reasonable price and were considered unreliable on long voyages. The principle behind lunars is simple. The Moon in the sky is the hour hand of a great clock. The stars along its path are the numbers on the face of the clock. If we can measure the Moon's position relative to the stars, we can read the time from the clock. Comparing that absolute time with local time, usually determined by a time sight, we have our longitude. A one hour difference in time corresponds to a 15 degree difference in longitude.-
Predicted Lunars (UPDATED)
Traditionally, lunar distances could be used for navigation only if a navigator had access to predicted distances. These were published in almanacs around the world from the late 18th through the early 20th centuries. Today the predicted distances are no longer published, but they can be calculated without much difficulty. The predictions generated by this web site are extremely accurate. They are the most accurate available today. The time period covered is 1750 to 2050 so the predictions here can be used for modern lunars or for analysis of historical lunar observations. -
Clear a Lunar (UPDATED)
This web-based app will analyze a lunar observation and generate your longitude in a fraction of a second. Historically, the analysis of lunars required about twenty minutes of work and a table of logarithms. Even if you decide to work a lunar by hand with pencil and paper, this online calculator will allow you to check your results. Originally developed and made available online in the summer of 2004, this app has been field-tested by myself and other navigation enthusiasts thousands of times. Its results are accurate to approximately one second of arc. -
Online Nautical Almanac (UPDATED)
A complete source for Nautical Almanac ephemeris data covering the period 1750 to 2050. The positions of the Sun, Moon, navigational planets and stars are generated for every hour of the day at a high level of accuracy just as in the published almanacs. This online app permits customization of display options so that data are generated that are relevant for your location and interests. -
Easy Lunars
An account of a simple technique for analyzing lunars using nothing more than the basic corrections and data in the Nautical Almanac and a handheld calculator. Lunars are not difficult. They take a little practice, and you may have to re-familiarize yourself with the use of a calculator, but any navigator can enjoy the challenge and experience of this historical method of navigation.
Comments:
Dr. Stanley J. Zawada & Ilona M. Kovacs wrote: 6👍
If we could leave 5 stars, we'd leave 10 ! We have attended several courses and enjoyed each one! Mr. Frank Reed is as entertaining as is his complete mastery of the subjects he teaches. The level of preparedness shines like the stars he so loves. We thank you for the most excellent courses we have had the ultimate pleasure to experience.
Doug MacPherson wrote: 23👍
I recently took online versions of Frank Reed's "Celestial Navigation in the Age of Sail", and "Lunars - Finding Longitude by Lunar Distances". I couldn't have been more happy with them. Having originally learned post WWII celestial methods as an officer in the United States Navy, and taken it up as a hobby, I was quite familiar with that era's procedures. However, I was intrigued by how they managed prior to then. Frank's two classes filled that void. His vast knowledge of the subject, both the technical aspects of the work as well as the historical significance were perfectly balanced. These are classes that can be thoroughly enjoyed by both the novice as well as the well versed practitioner. Recipe's for doing the work, the science behind those recipes, and actual voyages by the sailors that practiced the art were all presented with wonderful clarity. If "time sights", "cleared lunar distances" or "apparent time" have ever roused an interest, you owe it to yourself to take one of Frank's classes.
Doug MacPherson
Lieutenant, USN sep.
Doug MacPherson
Lieutenant, USN sep.
Jeffrey Rock wrote: 8👍
Lunar Distance and Age of Sail Classes:
Fascinating classes taught by a fascinating and capable instructor.
Lunars class is challenging and fun. Frank presents several different recipes for accomplishing lunars, one of which seems almost easy (kind of). Highly recommended for anyone interested in celestial navigation or nautical navigation history.
Jeffrey Rock
FAA Designated Pilot Examiner
Fascinating classes taught by a fascinating and capable instructor.
Lunars class is challenging and fun. Frank presents several different recipes for accomplishing lunars, one of which seems almost easy (kind of). Highly recommended for anyone interested in celestial navigation or nautical navigation history.
Jeffrey Rock
FAA Designated Pilot Examiner
